Understanding Bird Flu: What It Is and How It Spreads

Bird flu, or avian influenza, is an infectious disease caused by type A influenza viruses that predominantly affect birds. The H5N1 strain, which has been at the center of recent outbreaks, has also been found in cattle and other animals, posing a potential risk to humans.

While the virus typically circulates among wild and domesticated bird populations, recent detections in dairy cows and other mammals have raised concerns. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has confirmed multiple outbreaks since early 2024, leading to increased surveillance and mandatory testing of raw milk. The World Organisation for Animal Health has also reported the emergence of the H5N9 strain in poultry, marking another development in the ongoing spread of avian influenza.

The potential for human infection remains a concern, though cases have been relatively rare. Symptoms in infected individuals can range from mild respiratory issues to severe complications. Scientists continue to monitor the situation closely, as prolonged circulation of the virus increases the likelihood of mutations that could enhance its ability to spread between humans.

Rising Cases and Economic Ramifications

The ongoing bird flu outbreak has led to economic disruptions, particularly in the poultry and dairy industries. Since the first confirmed cases in U.S. cattle in March 2024, more than 950 infections have been reported in dairy herds, with additional cases among poultry flocks.

To mitigate further spread, large-scale culling of infected birds has been implemented, contributing to a sharp decline in poultry availability. As a result, egg supplies have tightened, leading to significant price increases. The USDA projects that egg prices will rise by approximately 20% in 2025, while specialty eggs—such as those from pasture-raised or free-range chickens—could see an even steeper jump of 45% compared to the previous year.

Businesses that rely heavily on eggs, such as restaurants and food manufacturers, are already feeling the impact. Notably, Waffle House announced an additional surcharge per egg on customer orders to offset rising costs. Similar price adjustments may follow in other establishments if supply shortages persist.

How Bird Flu Affects Consumers

The economic impact of the outbreak extends beyond rising prices. Consumers are facing higher costs at grocery stores, where the average price of a dozen large, grade-A eggs reached $4.15 in December—marking a 38% increase from March 2024, when the outbreak first emerged.

For households that rely on eggs as an affordable protein source, these price hikes may prompt shifts in shopping habits. Some consumers have begun seeking alternative protein options, while others are purchasing eggs in bulk when prices temporarily dip. The broader food industry is also adapting by exploring ingredient substitutions in products that traditionally contain eggs.

Additionally, concerns over food safety have grown due to reports of bird flu being detected in raw milk. While pasteurization effectively kills the virus, the presence of the pathogen in dairy herds has reinforced the importance of stringent safety measures.

Human Health Risks and Preventive Measures

Although bird flu infections in humans remain rare, the virus has the potential to pose a greater threat if it mutates into a more transmissible form. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has confirmed nearly 70 cases in the U.S. as of February 3, with most occurring in individuals who had direct contact with infected animals on dairy or poultry farms.

“There have been no signs of human-to-human transmission of the virus,” according to the CDC. However, scientists warn that the longer the virus remains in circulation, the greater the risk of adaptation that could enable easier spread among people.

Pet owners have also been advised to be cautious, as some reports indicate that cats have contracted the virus. While the likelihood of transmission from pets to humans is low, experts recommend minimizing direct contact with potentially exposed animals.

Vaccine Development and Future Outlook

Efforts to combat bird flu through vaccination are ongoing. While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccines for human use over a decade ago, they have not been widely distributed. More advanced versions are currently in development, but seasonal flu vaccines do not offer protection against bird flu.

In the poultry industry, vaccinations are available, though they are not widely used in the U.S. due to trade concerns. Countries like France and Mexico have opted to vaccinate their poultry populations, but the U.S. has hesitated due to the risk of losing export markets.

As the outbreak continues, health and agricultural authorities remain focused on containment efforts, including rigorous testing and biosecurity measures. The full impact of the virus on global poultry markets and public health remains to be seen, but vigilance and proactive responses will be crucial in mitigating future risks.